YOUNG adult drinkers are more likely to view alcohol products as ‘unappealing’ and ‘socially unacceptable’ if they display prominent health warnings, new research has suggested.
The University of Stirling-led study involved 1,360 UK drinkers aged between 18 and 35 years old. They ‘strongly agreed’ that alcohol packaging should display a range of product and health related information, and ‘agreed’ there should be warnings.
Two-fifths (40.1%) reported ‘rarely’ or ‘never’ seeing health-related information, messages or warnings on alcohol packaging. The participants were then shown a range of warnings on packaging, with larger warnings being ‘particularly effective’ in reducing product appeal and social acceptability.
Daniel Jones, of the institute for social marketing and health at the University of Stirling, led the research and believes that packaging could be an effective means of delivering health messaging.
He said, “Alcohol misuse is a key risk factor for illness, disability, and death. It is implicated in more than 200 diseases and responsible for approximately 3.3 million deaths annually.
“Our study provides an important insight into the thoughts and attitudes of young adult drinkers toward alcohol packaging and the inclusion of product information and health warnings.
“We found that alcohol packaging could have an important role in delivering health messaging. Large pictorial or text warnings in particular may help to counteract the appeal and social acceptability of alcohol products, while increasing awareness of risks. The findings of this research and previous studies indicate that warnings could, potentially, lead to a reduction in consumption and related harms.
“Larger warnings – with or without an image – were particularly effective in reducing product appeal and social acceptability. This supports previous research which indicates that prominent warnings on alcohol packaging may help capture attention, counteract positive product perceptions and reduce consumption intentions.”
Currently, the only product and health-related information legally required on alcohol packaging in the UK is volume, strength of alcohol by volume, and presence of common allergens.
The participants (59.9%) reported ‘always’, ‘often’ or ‘sometimes’ seeing health-related information, messages or warnings on alcohol packaging, with 40.1% saying they ‘rarely’ or ‘never’ did. The majority (69.9%) said they ‘rarely’ or ‘never’ read or looked closely at such information.
Daniel Jones continued, “It is unsurprising that most participants reported not reading or looking closely at health-related information on packaging, as previous research, including studies in the UK, have suggested that current messaging is unlikely to meaningfully engage or inform consumers, for example through ambiguous messaging or small fonts positioned on the back of packs.”
The study later put participants in groups, with them then being given a vodka bottle containing either no warnings or front-of-pack small text warnings, large text warnings, or pictorial warnings. They ranged from ‘Alcohol damages your health’, ‘Alcohol causes liver disease’, and ‘Alcohol causes mouth cancer’. Those in the pictorial group were shown images that reflected each warning.
Participants were reported as ‘significantly’ more likely to perceive the alcohol products as ‘unappealing’ and ‘socially unacceptable’ compared to products without such warnings. Furthermore, they were also ‘significantly’ more likely to report positive cognitive and behavioural impacts – such as increased awareness of health risks and wanting to drink less alcohol, compared to those who did not.
Daniel Jones said, “This sample of young adult drinkers were influenced by warnings on alcohol packaging. As expected, participants who viewed the product with no warnings had the highest social appeal and acceptability ratings for the alcohol product shown, and the lowest reported impact on cognition and behaviour.
“Larger warnings – with or without an image – were particularly effective in reducing product appeal and social acceptability. This supports previous research which indicates that prominent warnings on alcohol packaging may help capture attention, counteract positive product perceptions and reduce consumption intentions.
“Surprisingly, we did not find statistically significant differences between warning designs in terms of positively impacting cognitions and behaviours. This contrasts with tobacco where we know larger warnings with images are more effective at positively influencing smoking-related thoughts and behaviours, compared to smaller, text-only warnings. Moreover, the sample size was modest and the images used in the study were somewhat benign. Other alcohol and tobacco studies suggest that more severe images can evoke stronger reactions from consumers and may have a greater impact on cognitions and behaviours.
“Salient warnings with specific health-related messages, as used in our study, can positively influence consumer attention, comprehension, recall, judgement and behavioural compliance.”
Alison Douglas, chief executive of Alcohol Focus Scotland, added, “It’s vitally important that we have all the facts to make informed choices, yet because of bizarre exemptions from food and drink labelling rules there is more information required on a pint of milk than a bottle of wine. At present, the alcohol industry can decide what information it will and won’t include on its products. This study shows that health information and warnings could be useful in reducing how much we drink, and that people want information about what it is in their drinks provided on products where it can usefully inform their decisions.
“We need the chief medical officers’ low-risk weekly drinking guidelines as well as health information and warnings on labels, but unless labelling requirements are set out in law, we will continue to be kept in the dark about what is in our drinks.”
